圖片來(lái)源:http://csbj.org/articles/e2017025.pdf
FAIRE 技術(shù)指導(dǎo)專家

朱馨蕾 博士
轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室
朱馨蕾博士是FAIRE技術(shù)領(lǐng)域權(quán)威專家,在利用FAIRE技術(shù)分析轉(zhuǎn)錄因子功能及表觀遺傳學(xué)方面有深入見(jiàn)解,對(duì)如何提高轉(zhuǎn)錄因子固定效率、提高結(jié)果信噪比、解釋數(shù)據(jù)等方面有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn),利用該技術(shù)先后在在魚(yú)類(lèi)發(fā)育及寄生蟲(chóng)學(xué)研究方向發(fā)表7篇高水平論文,聚生物特邀朱馨蕾博士指導(dǎo)FAIRE聚透技術(shù)板塊的內(nèi)容編輯。
FAIRE概述
FAIRE技術(shù)詳情

Figure FAIRE Procedure (A) The FAIRE procedure described in the text is shown on the left, while preparation of the reference or input sample is shown on the right. The DNA recovered from he aqueous phase of each extraction can then be used to identify sites of open chromatin using qPCR, tiling microarrays, or high-throughput sequencing applications. (B) For qPCR, a series of primers, depicted as convergent arrows, are designed to span a genomic region of interest. Sites of open chromatin are highlighted in blue, with qPCR results depicted above. Amplicons that span or are near the boundaries of open chromatin often result in lower relative enrichment due to shearing of DNA fragments, as shown by asterisks. (C) Microarrays. Typically we use highresolution microarrays that tile either regions of interest or the entire genome of an organism with 50 to 70 bp oligonucleotides. (D) High-throughput sequencing technologies can be used to map the DNA fragments back to the reference genome.【Giresi P G, Lieb J D. Isolation of active regulatory elements from eukaryotic chromatin using FAIRE (Formaldehyde Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements)[J]. Methods, 2009, 48(3):233-239.】
近年來(lái),FAIRE?與高通量技術(shù)結(jié)合產(chǎn)生的?FAIRE-Seq?技術(shù),得到了廣泛應(yīng)用.將ChIP-Seq,DNase-Seq和FAIRE-Seq三種實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)聯(lián)用,可用于揭示轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)、核小體分布位置、染色質(zhì)開(kāi)放區(qū)域,以及三者之間的關(guān)系。三種實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)的原理如圖1.4所示.
Comparison of experimental protocols.Experiments to detect different aspects of DNA-binding proteins share many of the same steps; simplified schematics of the main steps are shown. a | Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP–seq) for DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors. Recent variations on the standard protocol include using endonuclease digestion instead of sonication (ChIP–exo) to increase the resolution of binding-site detection and to eliminate contaminating DNA, and DNA amplification after ChIP for samples with limited cells. b | ChIP–seq for histone modifications uses micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestion to fragment DNA and can also now be run on low-quantity samples when combined with the additional post-ChIP amplification. c | DNase–seq relies on digestion by the DNaseI nuclease to identify regions of nucleosome-depleted open chromatin where there are binding sites for all types of factors, but it cannot identify what specific factors are bound. d | Formaldehyde-assisted identification of regulatory elements (FAIRE–seq) similarly identifies nucleosome-depleted regions by extracting fragmented DNA that is not crosslinked to nucleosomes. LinDA, single-tube linear DNA amplification; T7, T7 phage RNA polymerase.【Furey, Terrence S . ChIP–seq and beyond: new and improved methodologies to detect and characterize protein–DNA interactions[J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2012, 13(12):840-852.】
(1)按生產(chǎn)商說(shuō)明,制備測(cè)序文庫(kù)。這里我們推薦100~200?ng的?FAIRE?DNA樣品.首先使用?Agencourt?AMPure?XP?beads?試劑盒進(jìn)行兩輪純化與回收,然后進(jìn)行18個(gè)循環(huán)的PCR擴(kuò)增,篩選200-~500bp的DNA建立最終文庫(kù)。另外,也可以用TruSeq?kit(Illumina)試劑盒來(lái)制備測(cè)序文庫(kù)。關(guān)鍵步驟:保證至少3×10’讀段(reads),才可以確保測(cè)序深度和廣度
(2)運(yùn)用諸如TagDust(的算法,通過(guò)適配器過(guò)濾去除測(cè)序序列,清洗文庫(kù).我們?cè)O(shè)定錯(cuò)誤發(fā)現(xiàn)率為0.001,關(guān)鍵步驟:在清洗文庫(kù)步驟中,估計(jì)會(huì)過(guò)濾掉大概0.1~0.2%的讀段.如果過(guò)濾部分高達(dá)10%,則說(shuō)明文庫(kù)的質(zhì)量不達(dá)標(biāo).
(3)使用FASTX-Toolkit?算法(http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit/) 來(lái)評(píng)估文庫(kù)質(zhì)量,比如說(shuō)置信值(confidence?score)),核苷酸分布(nucleotide?distribution).關(guān)鍵步驟:相對(duì)均一的堿基分布非常重要,在每個(gè)讀段中都保證有四種核苷酸。核苷酸的誤用,特殊序列的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)和序列質(zhì)量的不穩(wěn)定性,都有可能導(dǎo)致測(cè)序文庫(kù)更為復(fù)雜以及測(cè)序錯(cuò)誤增加。
(4)使用諸如Bowtie6這樣的算法,將高質(zhì)量的讀段映射(mapping)到參考基因組上。大都采取默認(rèn)參數(shù),可允許的比對(duì)數(shù)量的最大值限定為4.當(dāng)有多種比對(duì)(alignment)結(jié)果存在時(shí),Bowtie算法必定會(huì)選擇得分最高的比對(duì)結(jié)果。對(duì)于大部分的基因組和實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)說(shuō),大約有75~85%的測(cè)序讀設(shè)可以被成功比對(duì).
(5)數(shù)據(jù)可視化以及尋找發(fā)觀相對(duì)于背景有明顯富集的檢測(cè)區(qū)域(使用ZINB算法(60).
(6)使用IDR算法(6?來(lái)評(píng)估交聯(lián)-折疊相關(guān)系數(shù)I45].
參考文獻(xiàn)
- 1、楊振平. 基于FAIRE技術(shù)鑒定基因組中轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合靶點(diǎn)的研究[D]. 2014.
- 2、Song L , Zhang Z , Grasfeder L L , et al. Open chromatin defined by DNaseI and FAIRE identifies regulatory elements that shape cell-type identity[J]. Genome Research, 2011, 21(10):1757-1767.
- 3、Waki H, Nakamura M, Yamauchi T, et al. Global mapping of cell type-specific open chromatin by FAIRE-seq reveals the regulatory role of the NFI family in adipocyte differentiation[J]. Plos Genetics, 2011, 7(10):e1002311.
- 4、www.lifeomics.com/?p=31164
- 5、Furey, Terrence S . ChIP–seq and beyond: new and improved methodologies to detect and characterize protein–DNA interactions[J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2012, 13(12):840-852.
- 6、Giresi P G, Lieb J D. Isolation of active regulatory elements from eukaryotic chromatin using FAIRE (Formaldehyde Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements)[J]. Methods, 2009, 48(3):233-239.
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