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ATAC-seq
(Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high throughput sequencing)
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技術(shù)概述

ATAC-seq(Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high throughput sequencing) 是2013年由斯坦福大學(xué)William J. Greenleaf和Howard Y. Chang實(shí)驗(yàn)室開發(fā)的用于研究染色質(zhì)可及性(通常也理解為染色質(zhì)的開放性)的方法, 原理是通過轉(zhuǎn)座酶Tn5容易結(jié)合在開放染色質(zhì)的特性,然后對(duì)Tn5酶捕獲到的DNA序列進(jìn)行測序。
真核生物的核DNA并不是裸露的,而是與組蛋白結(jié)合形成染色體的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單位核小體,核小體再經(jīng)逐步的壓縮折疊最終形成染色體高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)(如人的DNA鏈完整展開約2m長,經(jīng)過這樣的折疊就變成了納米級(jí)至微米級(jí)的染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)而可以儲(chǔ)存在小小的細(xì)胞核)。而DNA的復(fù)制轉(zhuǎn)錄是需要將DNA的緊密結(jié)構(gòu)打開,從而允許一些調(diào)控因子結(jié)合(轉(zhuǎn)錄因子或其他調(diào)控因子)。這部分打開的染色質(zhì),就叫開放染色質(zhì),打開的染色質(zhì)允許其他調(diào)控因子結(jié)合的特性稱為染色質(zhì)的可及性(chromatin accessibility)。因此,認(rèn)為染色質(zhì)的可及性與轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控密切相關(guān)。
開放染色質(zhì)的研究方法有ATAC-seq以及傳統(tǒng)的DNase-Seq及FAIRE-seq等,ATAC-Seq由于所需細(xì)胞量少,實(shí)驗(yàn)簡單,可以在全基因組范圍內(nèi)檢測染色質(zhì)的開放狀態(tài),目前已經(jīng)成為研究染色質(zhì)開放性的首選技術(shù)方法。

圖片來源:Nat Methods, 2013. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2688. Epub 2013 Oct.
(資料來源:簡書-六六_ryx)

技術(shù)詳情

ATAC-Seq、ChIP-Seq、Dnase-Seq、MNase-Seq、FAIRE-Seq整體的分析思路一致,找到富集區(qū)域,對(duì)富集區(qū)域進(jìn)行功能分析。
? ChIP-Seq是揭示特定轉(zhuǎn)錄因子或蛋白復(fù)合物的結(jié)合區(qū)域,實(shí)際是研究DNA和蛋白質(zhì)的相互作用,利用抗體將蛋白質(zhì)和DNA一起富集,并對(duì)富集到的DNA進(jìn)行測序。
? DNase-Seq、ATAC-Seq、FAIRE-Seq都是用來研究開放染色質(zhì)區(qū)域。DNase-Seq是用的DNase I內(nèi)切酶識(shí)別開放染色質(zhì)區(qū)域,而ATAC-seq是用的Tn5轉(zhuǎn)座酶,隨后進(jìn)行富集和擴(kuò)增;FAIRE-Seq是先進(jìn)行超聲裂解,然后用酚-氯仿富集。
? MNase-Seq是用來鑒定核小體區(qū)域。

圖片來源:https://cmb.i-learn.unito.it/mod/wiki/view.php?pageid=78

Figure 1. Overview of ChIP-seq, DNase-seq, ATAC-seq and MNase-seq experiments.

A genomic locus analyzed by complementary chromatin profiling experiments reveals different facets of chromatin structure; ChIP-seq reveals binding sites of specific transcription factors, DNase-seq and ATAC-seq reveal regions of open chromatin while MNase-seq identifies well-positioned nucleosomes. In ChIP-seq chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to extract DNA fragments that are bound to the target protein, either directly or via other proteins in a complex containing the target factor. In DNase-seq, chromatin is lightly digested by the DNase I endonuclease. Size selection is used to enrich for fragments that are produced in regions of chromatin where the DNA is highly sensitive to DNase I attack. ATAC-seq is an alternative to DNase-seq that uses an engineered Tn5 transposase to cleave DNA and to integrate primer DNA sequences into the cleaved genomic DNA. Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) is an endo-exo- nuclease that processively digests DNA until an obstruction such as a nucleosome is reached.[ ]

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參考文獻(xiàn)

  • [[1]] Mayer, C.A., Liu, X.S. Identifying and Mitigating Bias in Next-Generation Sequencing Methods for Chromatin Biology. Nat Rev Genet. 2014. 15(11): 709–721.

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